The development of modern state

We are looking the three main issues here:
1. The development of modern state
2. Three main differences between traditional and modern society.
3. Modernity and holocaust

First:-Modern State

Europe Feudal society collapsed and consolidated as Sovereign nation state. on later 19s(1848), Max Weber gave the definition of State as " that entity which possesses a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force"

The sovereign nation state has:-

1) sole legal jurisdiction and
(which means no religious organisation can overwrite the state laws, neither can any social groups oppose state laws)
2) monopoly over legitimate violence in a specific, bounded territory.
( this is only legitimate means to use violence)

Under the modern era, citizenship has dual meanings. Political citizenship right refers to every government is accountable to its citizens and to rule over them with the citizens' consent; on the other hands, being a citizen allows one to challenge the state both legally and politically, that right also comes with duty to follow the majority rule.

In Global Era, many states voluntarily to give part of their sovereignty away in order to gain the benefits of globalization. When a state joins in the international organisations, such as EU, WTO,IMF, the notion of sovereignty is at stake. The state may not have their citizens' consent. Nominally autonomous sovereign states: powers beyond the state may have no formal status but still limit the state's capacity to act.

The history of Modern State

Feudalism: a social and political power structure prevalent in parts of Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries. Power was fragmented and enjoyed by a number of authorities including the Church, the monarchy, and local lords.

They imposed law and taxes over their subjects in their territory by monopoly forces relying on their trustees, kinship's and friends, later by administers, that was the rise of bureaucratic social structure, the authority lines with the official positions not in person. Professional lawyers became extremely important to draft the law and legal system. That formed the state superstructure.

that also paved way the introduction of newly development ownership of means of productions.
The decline of feudalism was associated with the emergence of military successful monarchies and the growth of towns as trading centers. That increased of political importance of traders and manufacturers allowed the Independence of trading towns from feudal control.

Capitalism: in Western Europe was associated with the rise of centralized, specialized state institutions, that provided administration and social control mechanism to run smoothly in capitalism society.

by 19th century, all national states helped to maintain and/or further develop capitalism society by 1) protect private property, legal contract and 2) promote trade and issue money notes. Democracy concepts became widely accepted.

Poggi, Gianfranco, 1978 in his "The development of Modern State" pointed out "there is a single national language, ....unified legal system that allows alternative juridical traditions to maintain validity only in peripheral areas and for limited purpose"

In Global ear, there are two contradictory trends:

1. Fragmentation: States into smaller states and regions.

It is no longer necessary for small countries to be self sustain and self defence. Now the small counties are able to escape the dominance from powerful neighbouring states by relying on global trading and alliance.

The danger is the militant nationalism will lead to war over territory and the unilateral declaration of the new states. Fragmentation can involve racism, ethnic cleansing and territorial warfare.

2. Integration: International governance is actually taking place through a highly complex set of overlapping and interlocking institutions (NGO). More co-operation in international level, which remove national boundary. The members of international associations can apply sanction against any state who does not comply the agreement. At the same time, NGO come together opposing the effect of WTO for example addressing many social problem rising in the globalization.

TO SUM UP

New forms of politics within societies have redefined issue and political interests on a non-class basis;
Capitalism did not erase the difference of nationalism, racial, ethic and religious, but we have witnessed a revival of forms of politics.
Global economic structures, including commercialised culture, are transcending national boundaries and increasing the the need of global politics
Globalization is giving the rise to form of power that lie beyond the effective control of national states, let alone individual citizens.

Second, Three main differences between traditional and modern society

Modernity is a term coined to encapsulate the distinctiveness and dynamism of the social processes unleashed during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which marked a distinct break from tradition ways of life.

1. Social solidarity changing from mechanical to organic soliarity.
   Durkheim tried to search of laws governed the social changes, he suggested society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote social integration and social solidarity. In traditional society, social integration or social solidarity were seen by mechanical similar identity joined up people, while in modern society, people identify with each other through the difference, we specialized in different way of living, had different function in contributing society. That also can be seen in society from homogeneity to heterogeneity, and from Geminschaft ( a community based society) to Gesellschaft (an association based society)
   


2. Mode of production changed, from Feudalist to capitalist.
   In Feudalist society, power of ruling class rested on their control on farm land, and ownership of land. The social relation of exploitation was between peasants and lordship.
   
   In capitalist society, ruling class Bourgeoisie controls the mode of production, each individuals who doesn't own the mode of production will have to sell his labour power in production of goods or service to survival, the exploitation is between Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. Unit of wealth is factory and machine. Fundmentally, the mode of production determines social culture, ideology and superstructure. Religious has been used as a way to distract the Proletariat attention to their class consciousness.
   


3. Authority type shifting from traditional to rational-legal authority.
   
   In traditional society, the authority often rest on an established belief in the sanctity of immemorial traditional traditions and the legitimacy of those exercising authority under them, such as family head, village leader etc
   
   The obedience to traditional authority is a matter of personal loyalty;
   
   In modern society, the authority is lines with position not person, resting on a belief in the legality of enacted rules and the right of those elevated to authority under such rules to issue commands, such as legal officials; The obedience to legal authority is based on legally established impersonal order. It extends to the persons exercising the authority of office under it by virtue of the formal legality of their commands and only within the scope of authority of office.
   
   Furthermore, capitalism development depends on systemic advocating impersonal rules and regulations on rational, accounting, legal and trading in maximumise the capital profits.
   

Third:- Modernity and holocaust
a possible outcome of modernity?

Yes, given the right time and condition, Modernity, in the following three ways, may cause the holocaust:

1. In Hitler's Germany, the use of scapegoats (Jews, Gypsies, the mentally ill, etc) served to create the a sense of solidarity among the German public, so modernity played "difference" as "inferior" in society to justify their action;


2. The capitalism society, used the factory and mass production concept into the action of holocaust, it was a mundane extension of the modern factory system where raw materials were human beings,the final productions were their death.


3. Modernity developed the bureaucratic apparatus helped distance people from taking more responsibility for their action. Holocaust was rationally planned and carried out and sponsored by the state. People who participated the holocaust just merely following the order and commands. Their moral responsibility were blinded

"Instead of being a product of uncivilized world, holocaust is only possible outcome of modernity. It is the text of hidden possibility of modern society."

Therefore, it is no guarantee that our society's advancement is for our good, the risk and hidden problem are greater than ever.